论海上执法中船舶操控方式的合法性
—南海仲裁案第13项仲裁请求裁决的实证
马得懿 周明园
（华东政法大学 国际法学院，上海 200050）
摘要：海上执法中船舶操控方式的合法性之判定，受制于国际法与国内法的界定。南海仲裁案第13项仲裁请求涉及到中国在黄岩岛海域的海上执法中的船舶操控方式问题，对这一行为的准确定性是判断该行为是否合法的前提。仲裁庭将1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第94条适用于领海，以在本项仲裁请求中并入1972年《国际海上避碰规则》的规定，严重违背了条约解释的原则。针对海上执法中的船舶操控方式，在1982年《联合国海洋法公约》与1972年《国际海上避碰规则》存在条约冲突的情况下，根据条约本身的冲突条款以及特别法优先原则，前者应该优先予以适用。在中国执法船的海上执法权利与菲律宾违法船舶的航行权利发生冲突的情况下，司法实践应该根据法律的价值顺位进行权利位阶上的考量，优先保障海上执法这一维护国家主权的基本权利。
关键词：海上执法；操控方式；南海仲裁案；《国际海上避碰规则》；《联合国海洋法公约》
On the Legality of Ship Operations in Maritime Law Enforcement
An empirical Study on the Award of the Submission No.13 of South China Sea Arbitration
MaDeyi，ZHOU Mingyuan
International Law School, East China University of Political Science and Law(ECUPL),Shanghai 200050
Abstract: The judgement of the legality of ship operation in maritime law enforcement is restricted by international law and domestic law.The Submission No.13 of South China Sea Arbitration involves ship operations in China's maritime law enforcement in the waters of Huangyan Island. The accurate nature of the operation is the premise for judging whether the operation is legal. The arbitral tribunal applied Article 94 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to the territorial sea in order to incorporate the provisions of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS)in the Submission No.13, which is a serious violation of the principles of treaty interpretation. About the ship operations in maritime law enforcement, in the case of treaty conflict between UNCLOS and COLREGS, the former should be taken precedence according to the conflict provisions of the treaty itself and the principle of priority of special law. In the case of conflicts between the maritime law enforcement rights of Chinese law enforcement vessels and the navigation rights of Philippine illegal vessels, judicial practice should consider the hierarchy of rights according to the value hierarchy of laws, give priority to guaranteeing the maritime law enforcement which is the basic right to safeguard national sovereignty.
Keywords: Maritime Law Enforcement；Ship Operations；South China Sea Arbitration；COLREGS；UNCLOS
